A happy tale from two states

Back in 2004, when the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) first made headlines, many including some of the Act’s most ardent supporters predicted that corruption and poor delivery structures would together undo any benefit that the scheme could bring to the poor. Two and a half years on, early analyses of NREGA suggest things are not quite as bad as most had predicted. In some parts of India, almost 95 per cent wages have reached the poor. Of course there is corruption and wasted expenditure — Orissa is now infamous for the bungling of crores of NREGA funds. But, the Act has also been a catalyst for some state governments to develop innovative systems for ensuring transparency and accountability in its implementation.

Andhra Pradesh is one such state. In 2006, the Andhra Government embarked on a process to institutionalise social audits for all NREGA programmes in the state. To do this, the government collaborated with civil society organisations for building up a 35-member team that facilitates and manages the audit process. This team is responsible for identifying and training educated village youth who conduct the actual audit. Andhra now holds an average of 64 audits a month. Details of government expenditure on NREGA are verified, assets developed are assessed and information on the NREGA is shared with village communities. The audits culminate with a public meeting — attendance varies between 500-1,000 people — where audit findings are shared in the presence of local government officials and politicians.

In the last five months alone, over Rs 60 lakh of embezzled money has been returned by local officials in full public view. On other occasions, local officials who have indulged in petty corruption have been reprimanded and even sacked. Andhra’s experiment is significant not just for its successes in curbing corruption. What makes Andhra’s experiment unique is that it marks the first time in independent India’s history that the government has willingly opened its doors to public scrutiny and done so by proactively mobilising communities.

Rajasthan is another state which has been at the forefront of many innovations in strengthening NREGA. This is hardly surprising given that Rajasthan is the home of the movement for the right to information and employment guarantee. Yet, while Rajasthan has been relatively successful in curbing obvious corruption, poor management and weak delivery structures have contributed to serious inefficiencies in the actual delivery of NREGA. One critical fallout of this is that labourers are unable to access the minimum wage despite putting in a full eight hours of work — the average NREGA beneficiary earned a meagre Rs 51 per day in 2006-2007 even though the statutory minimum wage for the state is Rs 73.

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