Finally, they say several states saw a “spike” in the number of locally competitive parties. Andhra Pradesh pre-NTR and Tamil Nadu pre-MGR are two such. They believe that this shows that fragmentation creates “space” at the assembly-election level for “political entrepreneurs” that can build new coalitions, such as NTR. While they do not state it, it is likely that they believe that Mayawati’s success in UP reflects that possibility.