The issue is not what particular politics or history you teach, but whether students can learn to think. The ambition is not to preach dull dogma, but cultivate thought itself. In the new books, exercises are framed in a way that the student’s critical acumen can turn upon the book itself.

Books must provoke discussion, incite new questions and point to ways of finding answers. The old textbooks were a product of pedagogy that had dogmatic faith in its own authority. The authoritative voice generated a corrosive scepticism, and since those textbooks did not trust the intelligence of students, they came not to trust themselves.

The inclusion of contemporary history must be seen in this context. My first political memory is hearing of the horrors of the Emergency. I was in high school when the anti-Sikh carnage in Delhi took place, the Shah Bano case was threatening to erupt and even a quick glance at a newspaper would raise troubling questions. But our textbooks did not equip us to ask those questions. There were intense conflicts in society, yet the textbooks presented a vision of Arcadian harmony. In an age even more marked by information than our age of pre-TV innocence was, the yawning gap between textbooks and society will generate an even more corrosive scepticism.

There are difficulties in objectively recounting events close to us. One ought not to underestimate the problems of writing a contemporary history that is unmediated by a powerful vocabulary of human motivations. One needs a supple sense of causation, the paradoxes and ironies of history, where good intentions flounder and evil ends up serving the cause of good. But though this utopian way of engagement is unavailable, we cannot run away from the past that has made the present.

... contd.