Many private-sector economists believe that, if the oil price levels out at somewhere close to the budgeted figure, the government will be able to muddle through until 2010. But the economy is already cooling rapidly. Even optimists predict growth of no more than 3%, higher inflation and a fiscal deficit of at least 3%. Some expect zero growth. Partly because Mr Chávez has harassed the private sector, imports have increased much faster than local production (see chart). That trend now looks unsustainable.

Not for the first time in Venezuela, a sudden fall in the oil price will reveal the economy's structural flaws. Despite the government's insistence that it will maintain social spending, the poor will once again bear the brunt of the downturn. According to José Manuel González, president of the main employers' organisation, Fedecamaras, 75% of food is now imported. Unemployment, which stands at 6% by the official count, is being held down by government grants to educational "missions" and unprofitable co-operatives. Under Mr Chávez, too, the number of public employees has roughly doubled, to well over 2m, without taking into account over 1m public-sector pensioners. Just paying the wage bill, let alone subsidies and food imports, may soon become problematic.

Then there are compensation payments, totalling several billion dollars, that Mr Chávez is committed to paying out after a nationalisation spree he embarked on in 2007. This has included state takeovers of the cement industry, a large Spanish-owned bank, a big steelworks and parts of the heavy-oil processing facilities formerly owned by Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips. The next target is a gold mine.

... contd.