Much scholarly work has made clear the distinction between Deoband and Deobandi madrasas, especially those in Pakistan’s northwest. But the affront in Haroon’s statement is also this: religious organisations in India work separate from the state while being held to the laws of the land. Their statements — fatwas, in this case — can at most be seen to be opinions on best practice to believers. They do not state what is unlawful; that is the state’s domain. Haroon needs to educate himself not just on Deoband, but also on the political framework of the country in which it is geographically situated.